Friday, May 15, 2009

Forex Currencies Trading


BASICS of FOREX TRADING:Forex foreign exchange trading is not suitable for all investors and traders. Forex markets are a volatile, complex, and risky business. However, traders have an amazing opportunity to make significant trade profits by successfully trading the forex currency markets. Nevertheless, before investing money and capital assets in forex trading, you should:o Consider your financial experience, assets, personal or financial goals, and financial resources and know how much you can afford to lose above and beyond your initial account margin payment. Know who to contact if you have a trading problem or question.o Understand forex trading currency markets and your obligations in entering into those forex foreign currency contracts.o Completely understand your exposure to trade risk and other aspects of commodities futures trading by thoroughly reviewing the trading risk disclosure documents with a good commodity broker who will be happy to give you all the free trading information you need about futures trading, margin requirements and general trade help and assistance.o We suggest you study as much as possible about the forex markets and commodities futures trading so We suggest you read a good forex trading guide to enhance you overall knowledge about forex, including the futures daytrading markets and trading the overnight 24-hour forex market.

Canadian Dollar

Having fallen well below parity with the USD, the Canadian Loonie is now being attacked on two fronts. First, there is the deteriorating economic situation. Prices for virtually all commodities, namely oil, have declined significantly this year, dealing a harsh blow to the natural resource-dependent Canadian economy. In addition, its largest trade partner, the US, is suffering from economic woes of its own and is in no position to support the Canadian export sector. The result is surging unemployment and the most precipitous decline in factory production in 25 years. The most optimistic economists are forecasting GDP growth of 0.0% in 2009. The second prong of the attack against the Loonie is being waged unintentionally by the country's Prime Minister, who recently suspended Parliament in order to avoid a no-confidence vote in his leadership. In short, bulls for the Canadian Dollar (not to mention democracy) don't have much to be excited about these days. Bloomberg News reports:

Forex Quotes


Forex quotes are at the heart of forex trading. They come in many forms, but all have some basic principles. So let's take some time to learn how to read Forex quotes.Forex quotes always consist of two currencies, often called a currency pair. An example would be USD/CAD, or US Dollar to Canadian Dollar. The first currency in the pair is called the quote currency

Money Management

Money management is a critical point that shows difference between winners and losers. It was proved that if 100 traders start trading using a system with 60% winning odds, only 5 traders will be in profit at the end of the year. In spite of the 60% winning odds 95% of traders will lose because of their poor money management. Money management is the most significant part of any trading system. Without a proper money management, a winning system can also turn into a losing system.

Pakistani Official Sites

http://www.cbr.gov.pk
Central Board of Revenue Government of Pakistan
http://www.pak.gov.pk
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
http://www.met.gov.pk
Meteorological Department
http://www.mra.gov.pk
Ministry of Religious Affairs
http://www.finance.gov.pk
Ministry of Finance
http://www.na.gov.pk
National Assembly
http://www.nadra.gov.pk
National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA)
http://www.opf.org.pk
Overseas Pakistanis Foundation
http://www.opf.org.pk
Pakistan Post Office
http://www.pseb.org.pk
Pakistan Software Export Board
http://www.ptcl.com.pk
Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Limited
http://www.privatisation.gov.pk
Privatization Commission
http://www.pta.gov.pk
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
http://www.pemra.gov.pk
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
http://www.tourism.gov.pk
Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC)
http://www.tdap.gov.pk
Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP)
http://www.un.org.pk/

United Nations

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
http://www.cdcpakistan.com
Central Depositary Company
http://www.nccpl.com.pk
National Clearing Company of Pakistan Limited
http://www.secp.gov.pk
Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan
http://www.sbp.org.pk
State Bank of Pakistan

NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
National Assembly
Government:
Ministry of Commerce
Export Promotion Bureau (EPB)
Ministry of Communication
Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD)
Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB)
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA
Ministry of Culture
National Fund for Cultural Heritage (NFCH)
Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation
Ministry of Environment, Local Government & Rural Development:
Central Board of Revenue (CBR)
Ministry of Finance & Economic Affairs
Privatization Commission
Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock
Agriculture Market Information Service
Central Cotton Research Institute (CCRI)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
Ministry of Industries & Production
State Engineering Corporation
Ministry of Information & Media Development
Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)
Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV)
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources:
Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP)
Ministry of Religious Affairs, Zakat, Ushr and Minorities Affairs
Ministry of Science and Technology:
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF)
Ministry of Sports
Pakistan Sports Board
Ministry of Water & Power
Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB)
Federal Bureau of Statistics
Lahore High Court
National Language Authority
National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB)

REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Punjab

Government of Punjab
Lahore Department
Sindh
Government of Sindh
REPRESENTATIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Embassies of Pakistan in Foreign Countries

How to be a Successful Investor

One successful investor who made a lot of money defined stock trading as a challenging game of strategy and discipline. The stock market is vastly complex and dynamic, so you need to exercise strict discipline, clear judgment, do your homework, and set firm goals and limits. Sometimes the most important work you can do is exercising patience, confidence, and discipline. You need to stay calm, keeping your mind clear and focused. You can't blindly bet that the stock price will go up or go down. You need to be well informed and make buy or sell decisions based on facts and logic.
In investing, intuition also plays an important role. Good intuition comes from experience and sound judgment. When you start making money, you cannot think of yourself as a winner yet because if you lose focus and become greedy, you can lose your money in an instant. More importantly, if you happen to lose money, you cannot let yourself conclude that a single loss makes you a loser. Losing money can be very upsetting, but you need to be consistent and not quit the game easily. Learn to use a loss as a lesson, just as professional traders do, and determine why you lost. In this way, you maximize your chances of becoming a better investor. Talk with your friends and listen closely to trading tips, but in the end, you have to make your own judgments. Believe in yourself. If your next pick ends up being wrong, that may mean you have not yet done sufficient homework on that stock.

Is Currency Trading Safe?

Is Currency Trading Safe?
As with any kind of an investment in the monetary markets, there is always a risk, but if you enter the FOREX market well-educated and informed, the risks are minimal in comparison to investing in stocks, bonds, or other security instruments. Most of the sites that are online for currency trading offer education, information, and any kind of tools that you need in order to assure that you make the most informed and financially sound choices. Because you are following your own instincts instead of that of a stockbroker, the importance of information is greatly enhanced. If you make a mistake in judgement, it is you that must bear the guilt, and not someone else.

How much education is required before you can consider yourself an expert? The truth is, with the changing trends in the currency market, you can never say that you have enough education. Although you will become informed enough to make financially sound decisions on buying and selling currency, you will never reach a point where you can stop participating in training classes in order to keep your knowledge current. If you feel you know enough to stop learning, then you are doomed to failure as is the case of any type of investing you may do. One of the most important things you can do as an investor is to make sure that you stay informed and that you know what the trends are in the currency market at any given time.

Buliding a Forex Trading Strategies


Your selected Forex traffic devise will expostulate a traffic decisions which we have in a Forex traffic system. If we have been brand new or a beginner to Forex traffic systems, we will need to rise an befitting devise which will develop over time. The following stairs outline a proceed to office building a Forex traffic devise which might be blending as well as tailored to your needs. Develop a Forex Trading Plan - A Forex traffic devise should never be deliberate comprehensive or complete. Part of carrying a Forex traffic devise is incorporating a devise for creation adjustments to a strategy. You will need to be means to have adjustments but utterly revamping your strategy. Though we might cruise your traffic devise to be some-more technical than elemental or clamp versa, we should take value of any accessible marketplace interpretation in creation your traffic decisions in any case of which fortify it falls under.

Corporate Governance

The Code of Corporate Governance was incorporated in the Listing Regulations of the Exchange in year 2002. In true sense, it has no statutory force or penalty provisions. Its implementation through the Listing Regulations requires companies to disclose in their annual reports whether or not they are complying with its provisions and if they are not, to explain why.
The main purpose / objectives of Code of Corporate Governance is to:
a. Stimulate the performance of companies
b. Limit insider’s abuse of power
c. Monitor manager behavior to ensure corporate accountability and protection of interes of investors and society.

The Exchange has played a proactive role in safeguarding small shareholders' interest and has strengthened its monitoring and enforcement capability to monitor compliance with the Code of Corporate Governance by the listed companies.Being a front line regulator, the Exchange initiated action against such companies which do not comply with the requirements of Listing Regulations, particularly Regulation No. 32, which includes:

1. failure to declare dividend or bonus for the last five years;
2. failure to hold its annual general meeting for a continuous period of three years;
3. has gone into liquidation either voluntarily or under court order;
4. failed to pay the annual listing fees of the Exchange for a period of 2 years;
5. failed to comply with any of the requirements under Listing Regulations.
6. failed to join CDS after its securities have been declared eligible security by the CDC.

The Exchange after adopting the due process has placed a number of companies on the “Defaulters’ Counter”, whose names are quoted separately through the Daily Quotation of the Exchange along with nature of default(s) mentioned against each company.
The purpose of placing the companies on separate counter namely; “Defaulters’ Counter” is to create awareness amongst the shareholders / investors that the company is in default(s) of the Listing Regulations.
In order to encourage good corporate governance and appreciate outstanding performance of the companies, the Exchange has a practice to give away the awards to top companies each year.
The criteria for selection of top companies has been regularly reviewed to ensure that only such companies are rewarded that not only pay good returns to their shareholders but also comply with the Listing Regulations, particularly the Code of Corporate Governance. Amendments / additions in the Criteria for selection of Top Companies in relation with good Corporate Governance point of view including Corporate Social Responsibility have been included.

The Currency Pairs Traded

The Currency Pairs Traded

We understand the importance of market diversification which is why we offer 3 unique profitable trading systems, with each system trading 10 of the most popular currency pairs. By spreading ourselves across multiple pairs, the system as a whole is not as adversely affected when one or two of the pairs move against the forecast in a given week.

If a few of the pairs don't do well in a given week, the others usually make up for it. This diversification is one of the reasons we have been consistently profitable month after month.

Weekly trades are issued for the following 10 pairs:

EUR/USD AUD/USD
GBP/USD NZD/USD
USD/JPY EUR/CHF
USDCHF EUR/JPY
USD/CAD GBP/JPY

ITS NOT THE SYSTEM

After more than 2 years of trading, I can tell you a story about forex system. Forex system is a way to trade to have higher chances of profit. Unfortunately not all forex system works. This is because its not the system that is not working. It is you.


What if I tell you that I have a system that consist of Moving Average only. The system can make profit and will minimize you loses or even give you a chance to break even during hard times.

You would be thirll to test it out only to find out that in the end you are losing money and you say the system is crap. The truth is if one person is making money using the exact same system yet you are losing money. So where do you think the fault is? Is it with the system or is it with yourself?

You can never gain profit in Forex until you figure out what is wrong with you. Most of the time when you are losing money you would blame it on the market, news, system etc but never on yourself. Until you figure out what you did wrong, any system no matter how good will fail in your hands. After you realize what you did wrong, then you can make money, seriously.

When you know what not to do, you can trade without any indicator. I myself is trading using only MA now. Took me a while to understand but once you see it, you no longer depending on any indicator. It is your judgement that counts.

I never know what I would learn the further I go in this world or Forex. Right now I am starting to understand why some traders trade without any indicator. The best indicator is in your brain. You just need to develope it. It will take some time. No hurry.

How to Find and Choose a Safe Forex Broker


he forex market has really taken off within the last ten years. Every year, the market grows more and more, and competition has become more rigorous. At the same time, the opportunities to profit have never been greater.
This means that the requirements for forex brokers to stay in business are become more and more strict. This is all due to the fact that there are many scammers out there, waiting for a chance to take advantage of new forex traders.
At the same time, many hard working brokers are at a risk to go out of business because they can't keep up with the latest regulations. A safe forex broker these days isn't simply someone whom traders can trust, but also someone that isn't at risk of going out of business

How Companies Raise Money

Some 30 companies have decided to list their shares on the Karachi Stock Exchange. But why? What do they get out of it? There are, after all, tremendous costs involved in gaining a stock market listing and maintaining it.

Quite simply, listing on the stock market is all about raising money to enable your business to expand. Imagine you have a brilliant idea for a new company but you don’t have the money necessary to buy equipment such as computers and office furniture. You might initially think about raising some money from family and friends and giving them a stake in your business in return. This is, in fact, the way many companies start life. Shares issued by companies not listed on the stock exchange are often referred to as ‘unquoted’.

But if you need money on a large scale or you are a small business looking to expand, you might need more than your close acquaintances can provide. At this stage some people look to borrow money from venture capitalists or the bank. Others decide to try and raise money from a wider group of investors through a stock market listing. These shares are known as ‘quoted’ or ‘listed’ on the stock exchange.

It is rare, however, that companies approach the market just once for money. As you flick through the financial pages of your newspaper you will often read about rights issues, share splits and share buy backs. These are all terms used to describe different ways companies raise money from investors and, pay it back.

IPOs/new issues
Bond issues
Rights issues
Stock splits and scrip issues
Share buybacks

Trading and Settlement

The stock exchanges have introduced a computerized trading system to provide a fair, transparent, efficient and cost effective market mechanism to facilitate the investors.


The trading system comprises of four distinct segments, which are:

i) T+2 Settlement System

In the T+2 settlement system, purchase and sale of securities is netted and the balance is settled on the second day following the day of trade.

Benefits of T+2 Settlement System
It reduces the time between execution and settlement of trades, which in turn reduces the market risk. It reduces settlement risk, as the settlement cycle is shorter.

ii) Provisionally Listed Counters
The shares of companies, which make a minimum public offering of Rs.100 million, are traded on this segment from the date of publication of offering documents. When the company completes the process of dispatch/credit of allotted shares to subscribers, through CDC it is officially listed and placed on the T+2 counter. Trading on the provisionally listed counter then comes to an end and all the outstanding transactions are transferred to the T+2counter with effect from the date of official listing.

iii) Spot/T+1 Transactions
Spot transactions imply delivery upon payment. Normally in spot transactions the trade is settled within 24 hours.

iv) Futures Contract
A Futures contract involves purchase and sale of a financial or tangible asset at some future date, at a price fixed today

How to become a Member of KSE ?


Membership of KSE is limited and fixed at 200 and prospective members have to purchase a seat from existing members. The price of the membership seat is freely negotiable between the buyers and sellers which varies according to the interaction of the forces of demand and supply. The KSE does not interfere with these transactions. However, the membership is allowed subject to fulfillment of criteria and qualification laid down by the Board.

Since June 1990, membership has been opened to corporate entities. Corporate members are required to have a minimum paid up capital of Rs. 20 million and are also subject to criteria fixed by the Board.

The Membership of KSE is also available to foreign entities provided that the Nominee Director of the company is a citizen of Pakistan.

Criteria for Individual Membership
No person shall be eligible to be admitted as Member, if:
1. He/she is less than 21 years of age;

2. He/she is not a citizen of Pakistan;

3. He/she has been adjudicated a Bankrupt; or a Receiving Order in Bankruptcy has been made against him/her, or he/she has proved to be insolvent even though he/she has obtained his/her final discharge;

4. He/she has compounded with his/her creditors, unless he/she has paid hundred paisa in the rupee;

5. He/she has been convicted of an offence involving fraud or cheating or dishonesty or any other indictable criminal offence;

6. He/she is associated with, or is a member of, or subscriber to, or shareholder or debenture holder in, or connected through a partner or employee with any other Organization, Institution, Association in Karachi where dealings in Securities are carried on;

7. He/she has been at any time expelled or declared a defaulter by any Stock Exchange or Trade Association in Pakistan;

8. He/she has been previously refused admission to the membership of any Stock Exchange unless a period of six months has elapsed from the date of such refusal;


The applicant should be an income tax or wealth tax assesses or borne as an assesses on the register of income tax/wealth tax.

The minimum qualification for an applicant for the Membership shall be "Graduation".
(In the case of a person holding at least 5 years experience of working as an agent with any of the members of the KSE or a former member of the KSE who had resigned on voluntary basis without any cause of complaint or claim, may be allowed waiver of this requirement by the Board).

The applicant should have sufficient knowledge of stock market business.

Reference from a scheduled bank in addition to other references as disclosed in the Membership form.

In the case of an active member filing his/her/their transfer application/nomination, such member shall also submit a bank guarantee or a guarantee by one of the existing members of the Exchange or a guarantee by the incoming member or any equivalent security in the manner as may be prescribed by the Exchange to the extent of Rs. 2.5 million valid for a period of 2 years from the date of transfer of membership in order to indemnify the Karachi Stock Exchange against all claims of replacement of shares received after the transfer of membership as per Rule 26(a) of Ready Delivery Contracts.
Criteria for Corporate Membership
The Corporate Body applicant for membership must;
be a company or a statuary corporation or a body corporate;
have a minimum issued and paid-up capital of Rs. 20 million.

In case of statuary corporation or a body corporate to which section 183 of the companies Ordinance 1984 applies; the membership application shall be accompanied by a "no objection" from the Federal or Provincial Government, as the case may be;

The Nominee Director representing Corporate Membership must be a citizen of Pakistan. Such nominee shall not be a member of the Exchange, nor shall be a nominee of any other Corporate Member of the Exchange.

At least two Directors of the corporate membership including the Chief Executive must have a minimum academic qualification of "Graduation".
Provided that in the case of conversion of an individual to Corporate Membership the requirement of minimum qualification for the Chief Executive shall not apply, where the same individual member continues as Chief Executive of the Corporate Membership.
(In case the Chief Executive of the Company is a member of the Exchange and the Nominee Director has the stock market experience of at least 5 years as an agent with any of the members of the Exchange may be allowed waiver of the academic qualification by the Board).
In the case of an active member filing his/her/their transfer application/ nomination, such member shall also submit a bank guarantee or a guarantee by one of the existing members of the Exchange or a guarantee by the incoming member or any equivalent security in the manner as may be prescribed by the Exchange to the extent of Rs. 2.5 million valid for a period of 2 years from the date of transfer of membership in order to indemnify the Karachi Stock Exchange against all claims of replacement of shares received after the transfer of membership as per Rule 26(a) of Ready Delivery Contracts.

The membership application shall be accompanied by an auditors certificate confirming that the company maintains a net capital balance/net assets value of at least Rs. 2,500,000/- (excluding the value of membership card).

The qualification of nominee Director shall be his holding of qualification shares in the company to the extent provided under the Articles of the nominating corporate membership.

50% of the total number of Directors subject to a minimum of two Directors of the corporate membership, including the Chief Executive and Nominee, must have a minimum academic qualification of "Graduation".
Provided that in the case of conversion of an individual to Corporate Membership the requirement of minimum qualification for the Chief Executive/Nominee shall not apply, where the same individual member continues as Chief Executive/Nominee of the Corporate Membership.
(In case the Chief Executive of the Company is a member of the Exchange and the Nominee Director has the stock market experience of at least 5 years as an agent with any of the members of the Exchange may be allowed waiver of the academic qualification by the Board).
The Chief Executive and Nominee Director must have at least 3 years stock market experience.

In case the equity of the company is subscribed by foreign participants; No Objection Certificates from State Bank of Pakistan and Ministry of Finance; is to be furnished.
NOTICE PERIOD FOR TRANSFER OF MEMBERSHIP
In relation to inactive member, who has applied for transfer of his/her/their membership; the notice period for the purpose shall be 15 days for inviting objections/claims after the issue of notice.
Provided that an active member, who has been inactive for a period of at least 2 years from the date of filing the transfer application/nomination and, has also filed a declaration to this effect, shall be treated as an inactive member for the purpose of notice period of 15 days.
In relation to active member (including those who are members of the Clearing House), the notice period for inviting objections/claims from the members shall be 90 days after the issue of notice.
Provided that in the event of an undertaking given by the incoming member (on the prescribed format) to settle all the objections/claims/liabilities of the outgoing member, the Board may even before expiry of the 90 days notice period consider and accept the membership application.
NOC OF THE CENTRAL DEPOSITORY COMPANY OF PAKISTAN LIMITED
In case the outgoing member is a participant of Central Depository Company of Pakistan Limited, he/she is required under the Regulations of CDC to notify the CDC about his/her application made to the Exchange for transfer of membership and shall also submit to the Exchange, NOC of the CDC in this behalf.

Aerowise Forex

Today's Rates

COUNTRY WE BUY CURRENCIES WE SELL CURRENCIES WE BUY TRAVELLERS CHEQUES WE SELL TRAVELLERS CHEQUES






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US DOLLARS 49 50.5 48.5 50






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EURO 66.8 67.5 66.5 68






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STERLING POUND 74.3 75.5 74 76






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AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR 37.3 38.2 37 38.5






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CANADIAN DOLLAR 40.1 43.3 42.1 43.8






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JAPENESE YEN 49.5 50.5








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KUWAIT DINAR 164 174








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MALAYSIAN RINGGITS 13.9 14.4








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NEW ZEALAND DOLLAR 29.5 32.5








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OMANI RIAL 123 132








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QAR 13.4 13.8








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SINGAPORE DOLLAR 33.4 34.2








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SAUDI ARAB RIALS 13 13.4








.

ARAB EMIRATES DIRHAM 13.3 13.75








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EUR/USD Down as Stocks Fall Despite Good Fundamentals

EUR/USD declined fro the second day after rising earlier today as the stock markets failed to sustain a growth and corrected almost to a zero daily change after opening positively today. Very good fundamental reports were released in U.S. today and yesterday but they failed to inspire the markets for another bullish wave. EUR/USD is now trading near 1.3282.

ADP employment change was reported at -491k from March to April on a seasonally adjusted basis; that’s a positive value if you compare it to -708k decline during a previous month (revised upwardly from -742k). Forecasts showed -645k change for April.

Crude oil inventories increased by 0.6 million barrels last week and now total above 375 million barrels.

Yesterday, a report showed that the ISM services index rose from 40.8% to 43.7% in April. It was expected to go up only to 42%.

Futures Exchange




A futures exchange is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts; that is, a contract to buy specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future.
Later in the 1970s saw the development of the financial futures contracts, which allowed trading in the future value of interest rates. These (in particular the 90-day Eurodollar contract introduced in 1981) had an enormous impact on the development of the interest rate swap market. Today, the futures markets have far outgrown their agricultural origins. With the addition of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) the trading and hedging of financial products using futures dwarfs the traditional commodity markets, and plays a major role in the global financial system, trading over 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars per day in 2005. The recent history of these exchanges (Aug 2006) finds the Chicago Mercantile Exchange trading more than 70% of its Futures contracts on its "Globex" trading platform and this trend is rising daily. It counts for over 45.5 Billion dollars of nominal trade (over 1 million contracts) every single day in "electronic trading" as opposed to open outcry trading of Futures, Options and Derivatives. In June 2001, ICE (IntercontinentalExchange) acquired the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), now ICE Futures, which operated Europe’s leading open-outcry energy futures exchange. Since 2003, ICE has partnered with the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) to host its electronic marketplace. In April 2005, the entire ICE portfolio of energy futures became fully electronic. In 2006, the New York Stock Exchange teamed up with the Amsterdam-Brussels-Lisbon-Paris Exchanges "Euronext" electronic exchange to form the first trans-continental Futures and Options Exchange. These two developments as well as the sharp growth of internet Futures trading platforms developed by a number of trading companies clearly points to a race to total internet trading of Futures and Options in the coming years. In terms of trading volume, the National Stock Exchange of India in Mumbai is the largest stock futures trading exchange in the world, followed by JSE Limited in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa.

Hybrid Solutions at Cairo FOREX Expo 2007


Hybrid Solutions at Cairo FOREX Expo 2007

Cairo, Egypt

Hybrid Solutions Starts penetrating North Africa through our participation in Cairo Forex EXPO. Our unique participation with VertexFX Trader opens a great channel to North Africa starting with Egypt.

What is Central Depository System?

The main function of CDC is to operate and maintain the Central Depository System (CDS), drawing guidance from a well-defined legal framework laid down by Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). Installed by an IBM-led consortium, CDS is an electronic book-entry system used to record and maintain securities and to register the transfer of securities.

The system changes the ownership of securities without any physical movement or endorsement of certificates and execution of transfer instruments. CDS facilitates equity, debt and other financial instruments in the Pakistani Capital Market. It manages Ordinary & Preference shares, TFCs, WAPDA Bonds, Sukuk, Open-End & Closed-End funds and Modaraba Certificates.

Benefits of Electronic Settlement through CDS:
1. Reduced workload and manpower requirements due to paperless settlement.
2. Instantaneous transfer of ownership.
3. No stamp duty on transfers in CDS.
4. No risk of damaged, lost, forged or duplicate certificates.
5. No impact in case of sudden increase of settlement volumes.
6. Instant credit of corporate entitlements (bonus, rights and new issues).
7. Paperless environment (no traditional vaults).
8. Secure custody of securities.
9. Substantial reduction of paperwork during book closure.
10.Convenient pledging of securities.
11.Substantial reduction in time & capital investments.

CDS Elements
a. Participants / Account Holders
b. Issuers
c. Eligible Pledgee

Transactions handled by CDS
a. Deposit of Securities
b. Transfer of Securities
c. Pledging of Securities
d. Pledge Release
e. Pledge Call
f. Withdrawal of Securities
g. Corporate Action